Research
Data to measure the effects of AI policy, investment and rules, from official statistics offices, central banks, international bodies and research groups. Pick a country and a question.
Choosing a country shows its national sources first and keeps the international ones, which cover it too.
Government use of AI
- Federal Agency AI Use Case Inventory 2025OMB Office of the Federal CIOAI use cases reported by US federal agencies, with development stage and high-impact flags.
Compute
- Epoch AI: frontier AI data centresEpoch AISite-level timelines of IT power, compute (H100-equivalents) and capital cost for large AI data centres.
- Epoch AI: GPU clusters (archived)Epoch AIMore than 500 GPU clusters and AI supercomputers with country, owner, performance, power and cost.
- TOP500 supercomputer listTOP500.orgThe 500 most powerful computer systems, ranked twice a year, with country, site and hardware.
- IndiaAI Compute Portal price calculator (empanelled GPU instances and prices)IndiaAI Mission, MeitYHourly prices in INR for GPU instances offered under the IndiaAI Mission, by accelerator type, provider and term.
- IndiaAI Mission progress releases (GPU capacity, AIKosh, foundation models)Press Information Bureau / MeitYOfficial progress figures for the IndiaAI Mission: empanelled GPUs, compute prices by GPU category, AIKosh uploads, foundation model proposals and selections.
- IndiaAI Compute Capacity (pillar page)IndiaAI Mission, MeitYPlanned compute capacity, subsidy level, accelerator types and empanelment terms of the IndiaAI compute pillar.
Investment
- OECD.AI: venture capital investments in AI start-upsOECD.AI (data from Preqin)Venture capital invested in AI start-ups by country and industry, with series for generative AI and AI compute start-ups.
- Statistical Bulletin on National Science and Technology ExpenditureNational Bureau of Statistics of ChinaChina’s R&D spending and intensity by activity, performer, industry and province.
Start-ups
- Crunchbase company and funding dataCrunchbase · paidPrivate company profiles, funding rounds and acquisitions.
- Dealroom AI sector dataDealroom.co · paidAI start-ups, unicorns and venture funding by country, city, stage and sub-sector.
- Startups recognised by DPIIT, by industry, state and yearDPIIT (Startup India), via data.gov.inNumber of startups recognised by DPIIT, by industry, state and year of recognition.
- Artificial Intelligence sector studyDepartment for Science, Innovation and TechnologyNumber of UK AI companies, their revenue, value added, employment and investment.
- AI Industry SurveySoftware Policy & Research Institute for the Ministry of Science and ICTKorean AI companies’ sales, exports, workforce, investment and obstacles.
Talent and jobs
- OECD.AI: AI talent and skillsOECD.AI (data from LinkedIn)AI talent concentration, AI hiring, AI job posting share, AI skills and net AI talent migration by country.
- ILO: generative AI exposure by occupationInternational Labour OrganizationExposure of occupations to generative AI in four grades, with estimates by country income group.
- Our World in Data: share of AI job postingsOur World in Data (Lightcast via AI Index)Share of job postings requiring at least one AI skill, by country.
- Periodic Labour Force SurveyMinistry of Statistics and Programme ImplementationLabour force participation, worker population ratio and unemployment in India, monthly, quarterly and annual.
Research output
- OECD.AI: AI research publicationsOECD.AI (data from OpenAlex)AI publications and citations by country and institution, per capita and by quality tier.
- Stanford AI Index public dataStanford HAIChart data behind the AI Index chapters on research, performance, responsible AI, economy, science, medicine, education, policy and opinion.
- ETO Country AI Activity MetricsEmerging Technology Observatory, CSET (Georgetown)AI research articles and citations, AI patents and AI equity investment by country, year and field.
Patents
- WIPO IP Statistics Data CenterWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationPatent, trademark and design indicators worldwide, with patents by class and 35 technology fields.
- WIPO: patent trends in generative AIWorld Intellectual Property OrganizationPublished generative-AI patent families by country, applicant, data type and model type.
- Patent Office annual reports (CGPDTM)Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade MarksAnnual statistics on Indian patent, design and trade mark filings, examinations and grants.
Adoption
- Our World in Data: share of companies using AIOur World in Data (McKinsey via AI Index)Self-reported share of companies using AI in at least one business function, by region.
- OECD ICT access and usage by businessesOECDBusiness use of ICT by size and industry, including machine learning and AI, big data and cloud.
- Anthropic Economic IndexAnthropicHow Claude is used across tasks and occupations, including automation against augmentation and use by country.
- Microsoft AI Diffusion Report dataMicrosoft AI Economy InstituteShare of people aged 15-64 who used a generative AI product, by economy.
- RBI Digital Payments IndexReserve Bank of IndiaComposite index of the extent of digitisation of payments across India (March 2018 = 100).
- Comprehensive Modular Survey: Telecom 2025Ministry of Statistics and Programme ImplementationHousehold and person-level mobile, smartphone and internet use, UPI transactions and ICT skills in India.
- Nasscom AI Adoption Index 2.0Nasscom (industry body)AI maturity of Indian enterprises across nine dimensions in seven sectors, from a survey of 500 companies.
- Business Trends and Outlook Survey (AI use by firms)US Census BureauShare of US firms using AI to produce goods and services, by sector, state, metro area and firm size.
- AI in the Business Sector: R&D, Use and Impact on EmployeesNational Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NSF)AI R&D, AI use and AI’s effect on employees in US businesses.
- Use of artificial intelligence in enterprisesEurostatShare of EU enterprises with 10+ employees using AI, by size, activity, purpose and technology.
- Individuals using generative AI toolsEurostatShare of people aged 16-74 who used generative AI tools, by EU country.
- Artificial intelligence in UK businesses (BICS)Office for National StatisticsShare of UK businesses using AI technologies, from the Business Insights and Conditions Survey.
- Communications Usage Trend SurveyMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Japan)ICT and internet use by Japanese households, individuals and companies, including company adoption of IoT and AI.
- White Paper on Information and Communications in JapanMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Japan)Generative AI use by individuals and company AI policies in Japan compared with other countries.
- Singapore Digital Economy ReportInfocomm Media Development AuthoritySize of Singapore’s digital economy, AI adoption by firms, worker AI use and tech workforce.
- Use of AI by businesses in producing goods or delivering servicesStatistics CanadaShare of Canadian businesses using AI in the last 12 months, by industry, size and ownership.
- Characteristics of Australian BusinessAustralian Bureau of StatisticsBusiness use of technology including AI, and innovation, in Australia.
- TDRA open data (telecom and ICT access and use)Telecommunications and Digital Government Regulatory Authority (UAE)UAE telecom subscriptions, broadband and mobile penetration, and ICT access and use.
- PINTEC Semestral: AI use in industryIBGEShare of Brazilian industrial companies with 100+ employees using AI and other digital technologies.
- TIC Empresas AI indicatorsCetic.br / NIC.brAI use by Brazilian companies with 10+ employees and the obstacles non-users cite.
Policy and governance
- OECD.AI national AI policies and strategiesOECD.AINational AI strategies and policy initiatives by jurisdiction, each with a start year.
- IMF AI Preparedness IndexInternational Monetary FundCountry readiness to adopt AI across digital infrastructure, human capital, innovation and regulation, scored 0 to 1.
- Tortoise Global AI IndexTortoise MediaCountry AI capacity across talent, infrastructure, research, development, strategy and commercial activity.
- Government AI Readiness IndexOxford InsightsHow ready each government is to use AI in public services.
- UNESCO AI Readiness AssessmentsUNESCOCountry assessments of readiness to govern AI ethically across legal, social, economic and technical dimensions.
- UNCTAD Frontier Technologies Readiness IndexUNCTADCountry readiness for frontier technologies including AI across ICT, skills, R&D, industry and finance.
- OECD Main Science and Technology IndicatorsOECDR&D spending, government R&D budgets, researchers, patents and high-tech trade for OECD and partner countries.
- Global Index on Responsible AIGlobal Center on AI GovernanceHow countries govern and deploy AI responsibly, on 38 indicators across five dimensions.
Energy
- IEA Energy and AI dataInternational Energy AgencyWorld and regional data-centre capacity, power usage effectiveness, load factor and electricity use.
Trade
- UN ComtradeUnited Nations Statistics Division · paidBilateral goods trade by reporter, partner and product code, for example HS 8542 integrated circuits.
- BACI product-level trade databaseCEPIIHarmonised annual bilateral trade for about 5,000 HS6 products among about 200 countries, including chips.
Incidents
- OECD AI Incidents and Hazards MonitorOECD.AI (news data from Event Registry)AI incidents and hazards detected in international news, tagged with the country where each occurred.
- AI Incident DatabaseResponsible AI CollaborativeReported real-world harms and near-harms involving AI systems, with linked reports and taxonomies.
Models
- Epoch AI: data on AI modelsEpoch AITraining compute, parameters, data, cost and power for more than 3,600 machine-learning models, with organisation and country.
- AIKosh (IndiaAI datasets and models platform)IndiaAI Mission, MeitYRepository of Indian datasets, AI models and use cases offered for AI development.
- Generative AI service filing noticesCyberspace Administration of ChinaGenerative AI services filed with the CAC and apps registered with local cyberspace offices.
- Deep synthesis algorithm filing listsCyberspace Administration of ChinaBatches of deep synthesis algorithms filed under China’s deep synthesis and algorithm rules.
Economy
- World Bank: ICT service exportsWorld Bank (IMF balance of payments data)Exports of ICT services by country in current US dollars; the same site carries GDP and other macro series.
- ITU DataHubInternational Telecommunication UnionHousehold ICT access and use, telecom infrastructure, investment and prices for about 200 economies.
Measure a policy
Every policy, rule and research story has a “Data to measure this” panel, with series that cover the story’s date. Four to start with:
From this site
Free for non-commercial use with the credit “Source: wheresthe.ai”. Licence · API and MCP server
- AI rules and lawswheresthe.aiRules and laws on AI with status, dates, scope, obligations and the official text.
- Obligations under AI ruleswheresthe.aiDuties extracted from each AI rule, with who they apply to, from when and the provision.
- AI rule deadlineswheresthe.aiDates on which tracked AI rules and duties start to apply.
- AI developments since 2023wheresthe.aiDated AI developments with source, sector, country, organisations and links between them.
- Enforcement ledgerwheresthe.aiFines, orders, investigations, suits and rulings on AI, with authority, target, amount, status and rule.
- Incident ledgerwheresthe.aiDisclosed AI incidents with system, operator, type, discloser and status.
- China generative AI filings, in Englishwheresthe.ai (from CAC bulletins)Generative AI services filed or registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China, from its bulletins, translated.
- FDA AI-enabled medical devices by countrywheresthe.ai (from the FDA list)Every device on the US FDA’s list of AI-enabled devices, matched to the maker’s country.
Data we keep
Dated copies of openly licensed AI datasets.
| Dataset | Licence | Latest copy |
|---|---|---|
| Data on AI models Epoch AI. Training compute, parameters and dates of notable and frontier models; Epoch’s scales and data appear in lab and policy texts on AI R&D. | CC BY 4.0 | Not copied yet |
| AI benchmarking data Epoch AI. Model scores on public benchmarks over time; capability and evaluation came up in more of the texts read than any other data. | CC BY 4.0 | Not copied yet |
| Frontier AI data centres Epoch AI. Power, cooling and build timelines of large AI data centres, which grid, emissions and planning rules turn on. | CC BY 4.0 | Not copied yet |
| GPU clusters Epoch AI. Owners, countries and sizes of AI supercomputers, behind export-control and sovereign-compute policy. | CC BY 4.0 | Not copied yet |
| Use of artificial intelligence in enterprises Eurostat. Share of EU enterprises using AI, by country, size and technology: the official counterpart to business adoption surveys. | Eurostat reuse policy (source acknowledged) | Not copied yet |
| Business insights and impact on the UK economy (latest wave) Office for National Statistics. Fortnightly UK business survey that asks firms about AI use. | Open Government Licence v3.0 | Not copied yet |
| Anthropic Economic Index: labour market files Anthropic. Observed AI use by occupation and task, used in the exposure studies the site has reported. | MIT | Not copied yet |
| 2024 Federal Agency AI Use Case Inventory US Office of Management and Budget. 2,133 AI use cases from 41 agencies, including 351 rights- or safety-impacting ones (the inventory’s own summary of 23 Jan 2025). | US government work | Not copied yet |
| Algorithmic Transparency Recording Standard records UK Government (GOV.UK). Every published record of an algorithmic tool a UK public body uses (153 on 25 Oct 2026). | Open Government Licence v3.0 | Not copied yet |
| Artificial Intelligence-Enabled Medical Devices US Food and Drug Administration. Every AI-enabled device the FDA has authorised. | Public domain | Not copied yet |
| Known Exploited Vulnerabilities catalog US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency. Vulnerabilities attackers are using, against which AI-found flaws such as the PHP ones can be measured. | CC0 1.0 | Not copied yet |
Linked, not copied
| Dataset | Why not copied |
|---|---|
| AI Incident Database Responsible AI Collaborative | The site’s terms of use grant a personal, non-exclusive, non-transferable, revocable licence; no open licence is stated for the snapshots. |
| OpenAlex scholarly works OurResearch | Not copied yet: since 2026 the API answers 429 without an API key, which needs an account. |
| Business Trends and Outlook Survey US Census Bureau | Not copied yet: the download page builds its file links with scripts, so there is no fixed file address to fetch. |
| ILOSTAT International Labour Organization | Not copied: ilostat.ilo.org answers 403 to automated requests from here. |
Licences were read on each publisher’s page on 25 Oct 2026. Each copy keeps the publisher’s licence; credit the publisher when you use it.
Papers and reports behind the stories
The paper or report behind each research story.
2026 59 papers and reports
- China’s AI compute access expected to double in 2027, with US-designed chips about 65 per cent
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- Cambricon’s third-quarter profit rises 148% to 1.4 billion yuan
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- Texas data centres could erase decades of air quality gains, HARC report finds
Houston Advanced Research Center: harcresearch.org
- Chinese chip firms flag profit surge on AI infrastructure demand
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- ASML files hybrid bonding patents as Chinese firms adopt packaging technique
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- China’s IC exports surge 136% to US$45bn in September
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- Stanford researchers introduce Next-Concept Modeling, generating text coarse to fine in parallel
Hazy Research, Stanford University: hazyresearch.stanford.edu
- DeepSeek memory-saving technology may reduce model accuracy, researchers find
South China Morning Post: scmp.com
- OpenAI publishes a batch of new maths results from an internal model, with Lean proofs
OpenAI: Sharing AI progress in mathematics: openai.com
- Google DeepMind publishes SynthID Bio watermarking for AI-designed proteins in Nature
Nature (Function-preserving watermarking of AI-generated proteins): nature.com
- Anthropic says Zhipu’s GLM-5.3 builds cyber exploits with safeguards easily bypassed
Anthropic: GLM-5.3 and the spread of advanced cyber capabilities: anthropic.com
- OpenAI publishes MentalHealthBench, built with 80 mental health experts in 22 countries
OpenAI: Introducing MentalHealthBench: openai.com
- BIS: private credit lending to tech passed $1tn, with 46% of borrowers loss-making
Bank for International Settlements: bis.org
- NY Fed survey: AI adoption jumps but only 4% of service firms cut jobs over it
Federal Reserve Bank of New York (Liberty Street Economics): libertystreeteconomics.newyorkfed.org
- Stanford ADP data: young-worker jobs in AI-exposed roles now 19% below peers
Stanford Digital Economy Lab: digitaleconomy.stanford.edu
- Challenger: AI is top stated reason for US job cuts for fifth month running
Challenger, Gray & Christmas: challengergray.com
- WHO Europe finds 8% of countries have a health AI strategy, but most use AI already
WHO Regional Office for Europe: news.cision.com
- Science study: OpenAI’s o1 matched or beat physicians at diagnosis on real ER cases
Harvard Medical School via Newswise: newswise.com
- CSET study of PLA tenders maps China’s military AI shopping list
CSET (Georgetown University): cset.georgetown.edu
- Second International AI Safety Report finds agents doing 30-minute coding tasks
International AI Safety Report: internationalaisafetyreport.org
- DeepMind study: most AI ‘solutions’ to open Erdős problems were already in the literature
arXiv (Feng et al., Semi-Autonomous Mathematics Discovery with Gemini): arxiv.org
- IMF: new AI-linked skills lift wages but widen inequality and hit young workers
International Monetary Fund: imf.org
2025 20 papers and reports
- Review of 445 LLM benchmarks finds widespread construct-validity weaknesses
arXiv (Bean et al., Measuring what Matters): arxiv.org
- EBU-BBC study finds almost half of AI assistant news answers have a significant flaw
European Broadcasting Union: ebu.ch
- FSB says AI monitoring in finance is immature, flags supplier concentration
Financial Stability Board: fsb.org
- RBI publishes FREE-AI framework for AI in India’s financial sector
Reserve Bank of India: rbi.org.in
- ILO’s refined index finds one in four jobs worldwide exposed to generative AI
International Labour Organization: ilo.org
- Japan’s FSA publishes a discussion paper urging banks to use AI and warning of inaction
Financial Services Agency (Japan): fsa.go.jp
- Google unveils Gemini-based ‘AI co-scientist’ with lab-validated hypotheses
arXiv (Gottweis et al., Towards an AI co-scientist): arxiv.org
2024 33 papers and reports
- US Treasury reports on AI in financial services after 103 comment letters
U.S. Department of the Treasury: home.treasury.gov
- Australian Senate committee calls for an economy-wide law on high-risk AI
Parliament of Australia: Senate Select Committee on Adopting Artificial Intelligence, final report: aph.gov.au
- FSB names four AI vulnerabilities that could raise systemic financial risk
Financial Stability Board: fsb.org
- ASIC finds AI governance at financial licensees lags adoption
Australian Securities and Investments Commission: asic.gov.au
- Trial finds GPT-4 access did not improve doctors’ diagnoses, but GPT-4 alone scored higher
JAMA Network Open (doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969): doi.org
- IMF warns AI in capital markets could raise speed and volatility under stress
International Monetary Fund: imf.org
- Senate report links insurer automation to rising Medicare Advantage post-acute denials
US Senate PSI majority staff report: Refusal of Recovery: hsgac.senate.gov
- UN advisory body’s final report asks for an AI science panel, a dialogue and a fund
United Nations: Governing AI for Humanity press release: un.org
- Australian MPs call for generative AI in schools to be a national priority
Parliament of Australia: aph.gov.au
- BIS Annual Economic Report devotes a chapter to AI and central banks
Bank for International Settlements: bis.org
- OpenAI says it disrupted five covert influence operations that used its models
OpenAI: Disrupting deceptive uses of AI by covert influence operations: openai.com
- EU chief scientific advisers call for a European institute for AI in science
European Commission, Research and Innovation: research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu
- CMA says it has ‘real concerns’ about Big Tech’s grip on foundation models
Competition and Markets Authority: gov.uk
- French AI commission gives Macron 25 recommendations, seven of them priorities
info.gouv.fr: 25 recommandations pour l’IA en France: info.gouv.fr
- Insilico details AI discovery of fibrosis drug INS018_055 in Nature Biotechnology
Nature Biotechnology (doi:10.1038/s41587-024-02143-0): doi.org
- IMF finds almost 40% of jobs worldwide exposed to AI
International Monetary Fund: imf.org
- Google’s AMIE beats primary care doctors in a simulated text-chat diagnosis study
arXiv: Towards Conversational Diagnostic AI (2401.05654): arxiv.org
- Microsoft and PNNL screen 32m materials with AI to find a lower-lithium electrolyte
Microsoft Azure Quantum Blog: azure.microsoft.com
2023 28 papers and reports
- Carnegie Mellon’s Coscientist plans and runs chemistry experiments with GPT-4 and Claude
Carnegie Mellon University: cmu.edu
- FSOC names AI as a vulnerability in the US financial system
U.S. Department of the Treasury: home.treasury.gov
- House of Lords committee tells UK to ‘proceed with caution’ on AI weapon systems
UK Parliament, House of Lords: parliament.uk
- UK education department maps which jobs and courses AI is most likely to affect
UK Department for Education: gov.uk
- WHO publishes six regulatory considerations for AI in health
World Health Organization: who.int
- CMA proposes seven principles for competition in AI foundation models
Competition and Markets Authority: gov.uk
- Teardown finds SMIC-made 7nm Kirin 9000s chip in Huawei’s Mate 60 Pro
Malay Mail (Reuters): malaymail.com
- ILO study finds generative AI more likely to augment jobs than automate them
International Labour Organization: ilo.org
- Insilico starts Phase 2 trial of AI-discovered fibrosis drug INS018_055
European Pharmaceutical Review: europeanpharmaceuticalreview.com
- CFPB warns banks that poorly deployed chatbots can break consumer finance law
Consumer Financial Protection Bureau: files.consumerfinance.gov
- BIS Project Aurora finds shared machine learning detects money laundering networks better
Bank for International Settlements: bis.org
- AUKUS partners share and retrain AI models on drones in flight at a UK trial
Australian Government Department of Defence: defence.gov.au
External sources were checked on the publisher’s page on 13 Oct 2026. Paid sources are marked. Suggest a dataset: [email protected].