Enforcement ledger
Fines, orders, investigations, suits and rulings on AI since 2023: the authority, the target, what was done and the rule involved.
Download: CSV · JSON. Amounts are shown as stated in the decision, with their kind: imposed, settled, sought, a maximum, or a daily penalty.
| Date | Where | Authority | Target | Action | Amount | Status | Rule | Record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US | Authentic Brands Group (plaintiff) | Anthropic | civil suit | $41m (sought) | open | Elvis Presley’s rightsholders sue Anthropic over training on 274 songs | ||
| US | US District Court, N.D. California | Anthropic | fair-use hearing; no ruling | pending ruling | Judge hears Anthropic’s fair-use defence over song lyrics in music publishers’ case | |||
| US China | US State Department | Shanghai Zhisuan Technology, MiraclePlus and three related entities | sanctions under the Protecting American Intellectual Property Act | imposed | US sanctions five Chinese entities over ex-Google engineer’s AI trade secrets theft | |||
| UK | Information Commissioner’s Office | Ten foundation-model developers; xAI under formal investigation | commitments secured; investigation | open | DUAA automated decision-making reforms | ICO secures data protection changes from ten AI developers and opens agent inquiry | ||
| California | California Attorney General | OpenAI | subpoena | open | California Attorney General serves investigative subpoena on OpenAI over cyber incidents | |||
| US | US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit | ROSS Intelligence | ruling: not fair use | decided | Third Circuit upholds ruling that ROSS’s AI training on Westlaw was not fair use | |||
| US | US Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit | Anthropic | ruling: designation upheld | decided | Appeals court upholds Pentagon’s supply-chain-risk label on Anthropic | |||
| India | Delhi High Court | OpenAI | ruling: interim injunction refused | pending trial | ANI v OpenAI (interim ruling) | Delhi High Court refuses ANI’s bid to stop OpenAI training on its news | ||
| US | US District Court, N.D. California | Anthropic | settlement approved | $1.5bn (settled) | settled | Court gives final approval to Anthropic’s $1.5bn settlement with book authors | ||
| US | US Department of Commerce | Anthropic | export-control order | lifted 30 June 2026 | US export-control order forces global shutdown of Claude Fable 5 and Mythos 5 | |||
| Florida | Florida Attorney General | OpenAI; Sam Altman | civil suit | open | Florida sues OpenAI and Sam Altman, alleging they hid ChatGPT’s risks | |||
| US | Federal Trade Commission | Covered platforms | enforcement begins | in force | TAKE IT DOWN Act | FTC begins enforcing TAKE IT DOWN Act’s 48-hour removal duty for intimate deepfakes | ||
| Florida | Florida Attorney General | OpenAI | criminal investigation; subpoena | open | Florida’s attorney general opens a criminal investigation into OpenAI | |||
| Maryland | City of Baltimore | X | civil suit | open | Baltimore sues X over Grok’s sexualised deepfake images | |||
| US China | US Attorney, S.D. New York | Yih-Shyan Liaw and two others | criminal charges | $2.5bn of servers (alleged) | open | US charges Supermicro co-founder over alleged $2.5bn NVIDIA-server diversion to China | ||
| Italy EU | Tribunal of Rome | Garante (fine on OpenAI) | ruling: fine annulled | €15m (annulled) | decided | Rome court upholds OpenAI’s appeal against the Garante’s €15m ChatGPT decision | ||
| California | US District Court, N.D. California | civil suit | open | Family sues Google, alleging Gemini fed a man’s delusions before his death | ||||
| US | Department of War; the White House | Anthropic | supply-chain-risk designation; federal use stopped | upheld on appeal Sept 2026 | Pentagon labels Anthropic a supply-chain risk after it refused to drop two limits | |||
| EU | European Commission | X | formal proceedings (DSA) | open | Commission opens Digital Services Act investigation into X over Grok | |||
| Canada | Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada | X Corp.; xAI | investigation | open | Canada’s Privacy Commissioner widens X probe and opens one into xAI over Grok deepfakes | |||
| UK EU | Ofcom | X | investigation (Online Safety Act) | £18m or 10% of global revenue (max) | open | OSA intimate image (incl. deepfake) sharing offences; Deepfake intimate image creation offence; Crime and Policing Act 2026 (nudification tools, AI CSAM generators) | Ofcom opens Online Safety Act probe into X over Grok sexualised deepfakes | |
| US | US federal courts (Florida, Colorado, Texas, New York) | Character.AI; Google | settlements in principle | confidential (settled) | settled | Character.AI and Google agree to settle lawsuits over teen suicides and self-harm | ||
| New York | New York State Comptroller | NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection | audit finding | closed | NYC Local Law 144 | NY Comptroller finds New York City barely enforces its AI hiring law | ||
| Germany | Regional Court Munich I | OpenAI | ruling: infringement; cease, disclose, damages | appeal expected | Munich court rules ChatGPT’s memorised song lyrics infringe copyright (GEMA v OpenAI) | |||
| UK | High Court of England and Wales | Stability AI | ruling: secondary claim rejected | decided | UK High Court rejects Getty’s secondary copyright claim against Stability AI | |||
| UK US | Upper Tribunal | Clearview AI | ruling: ICO has jurisdiction | £7.5m (fine at issue) | remitted; appeal permitted | Upper Tribunal rules the ICO can enforce UK data law against Clearview AI | ||
| China US | State Administration for Market Regulation | NVIDIA | preliminary finding: Anti-Monopoly Law breach | penalties pending | China’s market regulator preliminarily finds NVIDIA breached antitrust law over Mellanox deal | |||
| US | Federal Trade Commission | Alphabet, Character Technologies, Instagram, Meta, OpenAI, Snap, xAI | 6(b) study orders | open | FTC orders seven firms to explain how AI companion chatbots protect children | |||
| Texas | Texas Attorney General | Meta AI Studio; Character.AI | investigation; civil investigative demands | open | Texas Attorney General investigates Meta AI Studio and Character.AI over therapy claims | |||
| Japan US | Tokyo District Court | Perplexity | civil suit | ¥2.2bn (sought) | open | Yomiuri Shimbun sues Perplexity in Tokyo for ¥2.2bn over use of its articles | ||
| China US | Cyberspace Administration of China | NVIDIA | summons | open | China’s internet regulator summons NVIDIA over alleged security risks in H20 chips | |||
| South Korea China | Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea) | DeepSeek | finding: data sent without consent | closed | Korea’s privacy regulator finds DeepSeek sent prompts to ByteDance’s Volcano Engine | |||
| US | SEC; US Attorney, S.D. New York | Albert Saniger (Nate) | civil and criminal charges | open | SEC and SDNY charge Nate founder over claims his shopping app ran on AI | |||
| UK US | Competition and Markets Authority | Microsoft; OpenAI | decision: no relevant merger | closed | CMA finds Microsoft’s OpenAI partnership is not a merger it can review | |||
| South Korea China | Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea) | DeepSeek | new downloads suspended | closed | South Korea’s privacy regulator suspends new downloads of the DeepSeek app | |||
| Italy EU | Garante per la protezione dei dati personali | DeepSeek | processing limitation order; investigation | open | Italy orders DeepSeek to stop processing Italian users’ data | |||
| Italy EU | Garante per la protezione dei dati personali | OpenAI | fine; information campaign ordered | €15m (imposed) | annulled March 2026 | Italy’s data protection authority fines OpenAI €15m over ChatGPT | ||
| China | State Administration for Market Regulation | NVIDIA | investigation opened | preliminary finding Sept 2025 | China’s market regulator opens antitrust probe into NVIDIA over Mellanox deal | |||
| Canada | Ontario Superior Court of Justice | OpenAI | civil suit | open | Canadian news publishers including CBC and the Globe sue OpenAI for copyright breach | |||
| India | Delhi High Court | OpenAI | civil suit; summons | interim ruling July 2026 | ANI v OpenAI (interim ruling) | Delhi High Court hears ANI’s copyright suit against OpenAI over ChatGPT training | ||
| US | US District Court, M.D. Florida | Character Technologies; Google | civil suit | settled in principle Jan 2026 | Mother sues Character.AI and Google over her 14-year-old son’s death | |||
| UK | Competition and Markets Authority | Amazon; Anthropic | decision: does not qualify for investigation | closed | CMA finds Amazon’s $4bn Anthropic partnership falls outside UK merger rules | |||
| Germany | Hamburg Regional Court | LAION e.V. | ruling: claim dismissed | decided | Hamburg court rules LAION’s dataset building is lawful research text and data mining | |||
| Texas | Texas Attorney General | Pieces Technologies | settlement | settled | Texas settles with Pieces Technologies over accuracy claims for hospital generative AI | |||
| UK | Competition and Markets Authority | Microsoft | merger cleared | closed | CMA treats Microsoft’s hiring of Inflection staff as a merger, then clears it | |||
| Netherlands EU | Autoriteit Persoonsgegevens | Clearview AI | fine | €30.5m, plus up to €5.1m penalty payments (imposed) | imposed | Dutch regulator fines Clearview AI €30.5m and warns firms not to use it | ||
| India | Bombay High Court | Codible Ventures LLP and 37 others | interim injunction | interim | Bombay High Court bars AI tools from cloning singer Arijit Singh’s voice | |||
| US | US District Court, N.D. California | Workday | ruling: claims proceed | ongoing | US judge lets job seeker pursue Workday as an agent of employers over AI screening | |||
| Brazil | Autoridade Nacional de Proteção de Dados | Meta | preventive suspension | R$50,000 a day (daily) | closed | Brazil’s data authority orders Meta to stop using users’ data to train AI | ||
| US | US District Courts, Massachusetts and S.D. New York | Suno; Udio | civil suits | up to $150,000 per work (sought) | open | Major record labels sue AI music generators Suno and Udio for copyright infringement | ||
| Japan | Tokyo District Court | Stephen Thaler (DABUS) | ruling: AI cannot be inventor | decided | Tokyo District Court rules an AI system cannot be named as a patent inventor | |||
| China | Beijing Internet Court | A media company and a software company | ruling: voice rights infringed | 250,000 yuan (imposed) | decided | Beijing court rules that cloning a voice actor’s voice with AI infringes the actor’s rights | ||
| US | Securities and Exchange Commission | Delphia; Global Predictions | settled charges | $225,000 and $175,000 (imposed) | settled | SEC fines two investment advisers $400,000 for false claims about using AI | ||
| China | Guangzhou Internet Court | An AI image service | ruling: infringement | RMB 10,000 (imposed) | decided | Generative AI Measures | Guangzhou court holds an AI image service liable for generating Ultraman copies | |
| US | US District Court, S.D. New York | OpenAI; Microsoft | civil suit | billions of dollars (sought) | open | New York Times sues OpenAI and Microsoft for copyright infringement | ||
| EU Germany | Court of Justice of the European Union | SCHUFA (credit scoring) | ruling: scoring is an automated decision | decided | EU Court of Justice rules credit scores can be automated decisions restricted by GDPR | |||
| China | Beijing Internet Court | Defendant Liu | ruling: AI image is a protected work | decided | Beijing Internet Court grants copyright in an AI-generated image to the user who prompted it | |||
| UK | Information Commissioner’s Office | Snap | preliminary enforcement notice | closed | ICO issues Snap a preliminary enforcement notice over its My AI chatbot | |||
| US | US District Court, S.D. New York | OpenAI; Microsoft | class action | open | Authors Guild and 17 novelists sue OpenAI over training GPT on their books | |||
| US | Equal Employment Opportunity Commission | iTutorGroup | settlement; consent decree | $365,000 (settled) | settled | iTutorGroup pays $365,000 to settle EEOC case over software that rejected older applicants | ||
| US | US District Court, D.C. | Stephen Thaler | ruling: human authorship required | decided | US court upholds refusal to register an artwork made autonomously by an AI system | |||
| South Korea | Personal Information Protection Commission (South Korea) | OpenAI | fine | 3.6 million won (imposed) | imposed | South Korea’s privacy regulator fines OpenAI 3.6 million won over ChatGPT data leak | ||
| New York | NYC Department of Consumer and Worker Protection | Employers using automated hiring tools | enforcement begins | in force | NYC Local Law 144 | New York City starts enforcing its bias-audit law for AI hiring tools | ||
| Japan | Personal Information Protection Commission (Japan) | OpenAI | caution | closed | Japan’s privacy regulator cautions OpenAI over sensitive data in ChatGPT | |||
| China US | Cyberspace Administration of China | Micron | security review failed; purchase ban | in force | China tells critical infrastructure operators to stop buying Micron chips | |||
| Canada | Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada | OpenAI | investigation | open | Canada’s Privacy Commissioner opens an investigation into OpenAI over ChatGPT | |||
| Italy EU | Garante per la protezione dei dati personali | OpenAI | processing stop order | lifted April 2023 | Italy’s data protection authority orders OpenAI to stop processing Italian users’ data | |||
| US | US Copyright Office | Kristina Kashtanova (Zarya of the Dawn) | registration narrowed | decided | US Copyright Office excludes Midjourney images from Zarya of the Dawn registration | |||
| UK | High Court of England and Wales | Stability AI | civil suit | judgment Nov 2025 | Getty Images starts High Court proceedings against Stability AI in London | |||
| US | US District Court, N.D. California | Stability AI; DeviantArt; Midjourney | class action | open | Artists file class action against Stability AI, Midjourney and DeviantArt |